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Referred
Pain
Angina pectoris
generally has three main clinical characteristics.
- Nociceptive
information from the heart is generally felt as pain referred
to the overlying somatic structures (Ruch,
1961).
- This pain
is referred to proximal and axial body structures but generally
not to distal limbs (Bonica,
1990).
- The pain
is generally deep and aching, and not a superficial or cutaneous
pain (Lewis, 1942).
The remainder
of this section will consider the experimental evidence that supports
these three main characteristics.
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