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Every
applied, basic, or clinical investigation turns on the assessment
of quantitative data. Numerical data is often derived using scales,
which assign numbers to qualitative objects, events, or perceptions.
Because of this, issues of measurement and scaling become critical
considerations early in the development of any research question.
The decision to measure a variable in a particular way not only
directs subsequent analytic (i.e. statistical) options but also
activates the general appearance of the research design. Awareness
of the interrelatedness among measurement, statistics, and design
is essential for the investigator preparing to measure the presence
of, levels of, or changes in dyspnea.
Question
17.1
Levels of measurement
are arranged
 | Randomly |
 | Linearly |
 | Hierarchically |
 | Alphabetically |
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