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Human Experimental Pain Models
Author Bios
Learning Objectives
Clinical Significance and Phenomenology
Complex Diseases: Need to Simplify
Model Requirements
Brief and Sustained Experimental Pain
Choice of the Pain Stimulus
A Model Design for Pain Experimentation
Experiential Adjustment
Choice of Stimulation Site
Stimulation Site for a Study of TMJD
Experimental Design
Model Validation: Level 1
Model Validation: Level 2
Model Validation: Level 3
Model Validation: An Example
Cross-Validation with Other Model Systems
Model Systems as Tools
Sample Size Estimation
Currently selected section: Potential Difficulties
Conclusion

 

Chapter 21: Human Experimental Pain Models: Potential Difficulties
        

The benefits of a crossover design are substantial. Both interventions (hypertonic and isotonic saline) are applied to each individual, so that each forms its own control, making the "treatment" and "control" group identical except for the order and time. By applying a washout period, it is assumed that all measurements taken after the washout are no longer affected by the previous intervention, allowing the subject to return to the "natural" baseline state before the next condition is initiated. If problems with washout are observed, the investigator has to increase the time between repeated measures. For details regarding crossover designs, see Chapter 6.


Figure 19.1: Cross-over Design
Graphic depiction of crossover design, described in text.

 

 


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