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Every dialog, whether
interviews or questionnaire responses, has a cultural context.
The instrument is language and therefore its referents are not
uniform. Terms like "sometimes" and "often",
"good" and "fair" have many referents and
individuals from different cultures may interpret them differently.
Comparisons across different groups need to consider the potential
for bias resulting from different item performance in different
groups, a phenomenon known as "cultural nonequivalence"
(Stewart
and Napoles-Springer, 2000).
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