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Epidemiological Methods in Studies of Symptoms in Advanced Disease
Author Bios
Why Study Advanced Disease?
Why Epidemiology?
Incidence and Prevalence
Using Incidence and Prevalence
Definition of a Case
Defining Time, Place, Person
Types of Study Design
Cross-Sectional Studies
Longitudinal Studies
Measurement
Bias
Selection Bias
Measurement Bias
Presenting and Interpreting Results
Currently selected selection: Practical Example
Calculating Prevalence
Conclusion


Chapter 19: Epidemiological Methods in Studies of Symptoms in Advanced Disease: Practical Example: Using Epidemiological Information to Estimate Need for Health Care Services
         

We will now consider the sort of information that you might want to collect in order to provide a context and background on the area that the palliative care service operates in. Socio-economic data, epidemiological data, and data about social structures and cultural groups are all important. As you can see there is also information about the future trends - which you will need in order to plan services.

Example: Information on London Region, UK

London Region includes the largest city in the UK with the population of inner and outer London at almost 7 million in 1997, or 14% of the population of England. There are areas of high deprivation and poorer health status (approximately 2 million people), as well as areas of relative affluence (approximately 2.3 million people). In the 1991 census, 80% of the population classified themselves as white, 8% Black, 10% Asian and 2% other. At a borough level the proportion of people from black or minority ethnic groups ranges from 4-45%. Over the next 10 years the white population of London is expected to decrease, and all other ethnic groups will increase.

There are 16 health districts within the boundaries of the London Region, formed in 1998, with populations ranging from 249,437 to 737,066. The health of the population of London is broadly similar to the rest of England, although it is substantially worse for people aged under 65 years: the all cause standardized mortality ratio for 1989-94 was 96, that for those aged under 65 was 104. Spending on all National Health Services in 1994/5 was $5.2 billion (compared with $21.8 billion for the rest of England).

The 16 districts in the London Region can be grouped into socio-economic sectors. It is sometimes useful to group districts in this way, because the types of services that are suitable can be affected by deprivation. For example, in deprived areas fewer cancer patients die at home, irrespective of age, gender, and diagnosis (Higginson et al., 1999). London contains some of the most deprived areas in the United Kingdom. There are four such districts all in the central zones. There are five districts of mixed socio-economic status, with the remaining districts all more affluent. Click here to view a table providing more detailed information about the districts of the region.

Question 15.2

The stern funder of your service says that he thinks that not many people in the area need palliative care. How would you go about quickly gathering some information about this? (Click on each option to see our opinion.)

Selection AYou don't; it's better just to agree with him.
Selection B You plan a survey of all patients in hospitals, and ask the nurses to tell you about admissions that need palliative care.
Selection C You download the province's statistics on numbers and causes of death.

 

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